The simple answer is ‘yes’, given some additional hardware. The clocks that PsychoPy uses do have sub-millisecond precision but your keyboard has a latency of 4-25ms depending on your platform and keyboard. You could buy a response pad (e.g. a Cedrus Response Pad ) and use PsychoPy’s serial port commands to retrieve information about responses and timing with a precision of around 1ms.
That said, PsychoPy does aim to give you as high a temporal precision as possible, and is likely not to be the limiting factor of your experiment.
Monitors have fixed refresh rates, typically 60 Hz for a flat-panel display, higher for a CRT (85-100 Hz are common, up to 200 Hz is possible). For a refresh rate of 85 Hz there is a gap of 11.7 ms between frames and this limits the timing of stimulus presentation. You cannot have your stimulus appear for 100 ms, for instance; on an 85Hz monitor it can appear for either 94 ms (8 frames) or 105 ms (9 frames). There are further, less obvious, limitations however.
For ‘’CRT (cathode ray tube) screens’‘, the lines of pixels are drawn sequentially from the top to the bottom and once the bottom line has been drawn the screen is finished and the line returns to the top (the Vertical Blank Interval, VBI). Most of your frame interval is spent drawing the lines with 1-2ms being left for the VBI. This means that the pixels at the bottom are drawn ‘’‘up to 10 ms later’‘’ than the pixels at the top of the screen. At what point are you going to say your stimulus ‘appeared’ to the participant? For flat panel displays, or (or LCD projectors) your image will be presented simultaneously all over the screen, but it takes up to 20 ms(!!) for your pixels to go all the way from black to white (manufacturers of these panels quote values of 3 ms for the fastest panels, but they certainly don’t mean 3 ms white-to-black, I assume they mean 3 ms half-life).
Warning
If you’re using a regular computer display, you have a hardware-limited temporal precision of 10 ms irrespective of your response box or software clocks etc... and should bear that in mind when looking for effect sizes of less than that.
Yes. Generally to do that you should time your stimulus (its onset/offset, its rate of change...) using the frame refresh rather than a clock. e.g. you should write your code to say ‘for 20 frames present this stimulus’ rather than ‘for 300ms present this stimulus’. Provided your graphics card is set to synchronise page-flips with the vertical blank, and provided that you aren’t dropping frames the frame rate will always be absolutely constant.